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4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
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CHAPTER INFO
Editors/Authors: Majid Ezzati, Stephen Vander Hoorn, Alan D. Lopez, Goodarz Danaei, Anthony Rodgers, Colin D. Mathers, and Christopher J. L. Murray
Pages: 28
Region
East Asia and Pacific
High Income OECD
Other High Income
Disease / Condition
Addictions
Adolescent & Childhood Diseases
Alcohol Abuse
Breast Cancer
Cancers
Cardiovascular Disease
Cervical Cancer
Cholesterol
Colorectal Cancer
Contraception
Diabetes
Diarrheal Disease
Heart Disease
Helminth Infections
High Blood Pressure
HIV/AIDS
Illicit Opiate Abuse
Infectious Diseases
Injuries & Violence
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
Interpersonal Violence
Lung Cancer
Malaria
Maternal & Neonatal Conditions
Maternal Conditions
Mental Disorders
Musculoskeletal Conditions
Neonatal Conditions
Neurological Disorders
Nutrition
Oral & Craniofacial Diseases
Respiratory Diseases
Respiratory Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Stroke
Stunting, Wasting, & Micronutrient Deficiencies
Tobacco Addiction
Unintentional Injuries
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Abstract
Reliable and comparable analyses of risks to health are critical for preventing disease and injury. Previous estimates of morbidity and mortality resulting from risk factors have not achieved complete methodological consistency and comparability across risk factors. The aim of this chapter is to present an analysis of mortality and morbidity attributable to 19 major risk factors in a unified framework while acknowledging characteristics specific to individual risk factors.
Data on risk factor exposure and relative risk by age, sex, and region were from the Comparative Risk Assessment project, supplemented with new data sources and epidemiological analyses. Population–attributable fractions for individual and multiple risk factors were applied to cause–specific mortality and disease burden from chapter 3.
Results indicate that those risk factors that affect the poorest regions and populations—such as undernutrition; unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene; indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels; and unsafe sex—continue to dominate the loss of health worldwide. These are coupled with hazards such as alcohol use, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and overweight and obesity that are prevalent worldwide. Globally, an estimated 45 percent of mortality and 36 percent of disease burden were attributable to the joint effects of these 19 selected risk factors. Substantial proportions of some of the leading global diseases (for example, lower respiratory infections, diarrhea, HIV/AIDS, lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, and stroke) were attributable to these 19 selected risk factors. The large global disease burden attributable to the selected risk factors highlights the relevance and importance of prevention policies and programs that reduce risk factor exposure.
Sections
Click on the links below to read the full text.
- Intro
- Burden of Disease Attributable to Risk Factors
- Risk Factor Selection
- Burden of Disease Attributable to Individual Risk Factors
- Joint Effects of Multiple Risk Factors
- Burden of Disease Attributable to Multiple Risk Factors
- Directions for Future Research
- Discussion
- ANNEX 4A: Population Attributable Fractions, Attributable Deaths, Years of Life Lost Because of Premature Mortality (YLL), and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) by Risk Factor, Disease Outcome, Age, Sex, and Region
- References
Figures
- 4.1 Mortality and the Burden of Disease Attributable to Leading Global Risk Factors, by World Bank Region
- 4.2 Burden of Disease Attributable to 10 Leading Regional Risk Factors, by Disease Type
- 4.3 Mediated and Direct Effects of a Risk Factor
Tables
- 4.1 CRA Risk Factors, Exposure Variables, Theoretical-Minimum-Risk Exposure Distributions, and Disease Outcomes
- 4.2 Distribution of Risk Factor-Attributable Mortality and Burden of Disease, by Age and Sex.
- 4.3 Joint Contributions (PAFs) of the Leading Risk Factors to Mortality and Burden of Disease, by Region
- 4.4 Individual and Joint Contributions of Risk Factors to 10 Leading Diseases and Total Burden of Disease
- 4.5 Individual and Joint Contributions of Risk Factors to Mortality and Burden of Disease from Site-Specific Cancers
- 4.6 Individual and Joint Contributions of Risk Factors to Mortality and Burden of Disease from Cardiovascular Diseases
- 4.7 Individual and Joint Contributions of Risk Factors to Mortality and Burden of Disease from Major Diseases of Children
-
4.A1
Risk factor: Childhood underweight
Disease: Diarrheal diseases -
4.A2
Risk factor: Childhood underweight
Disease: Measles -
4.A3
Risk factor: Childhood underweight
Disease: Malaria -
4.A4
Risk factor: Childhood underweight
Disease: Lower respiratory infections -
4.A5
Risk factor: Childhood underweight
Disease: Protein-energy malnutrition -
4.A6
Risk factor: Childhood underweight
Disease: Selected other Group I diseases -
4.A7
Risk factor: Childhood underweight
Disease: All causes -
4.A8
Risk factor: Iron-deficiency anemia
Disease: Maternal conditions -
4.A9
Risk factor: Iron-deficiency anemia
Disease: Perinatal conditions -
4.A10
Risk factor: Iron-deficiency anemia
Disease: Iron-deficiency anemia -
4.A11
Risk factor: Iron-deficiency anemia
Disease: All causes -
4.A12
Risk factor: Vitamin A deficiency
Disease: Diarrheal diseases -
4.A13
Risk factor: Vitamin A deficiency
Disease: Measles -
4.A14
Risk factor: Vitamin A deficiency
Disease: Malaria -
4.A15
Risk factor: Vitamin A deficiency
Disease: Other infectious diseases -
4.A16
Risk factor: Vitamin A deficiency
Disease: Selected maternal conditions -
4.A17
Risk factor: Vitamin A deficiency
Disease: Vitamin A deficiency -
4.A18
Risk factor: Vitamin A deficiency
Disease: All causes -
4.A19
Risk factor: Zinc deficiency
Disease: Diarrheal diseases -
4.A20
Risk factor: Zinc deficiency
Disease: Malaria -
4.A21
Risk factor: Zinc deficiency
Disease: Lower respiratory infections -
4.A22
Risk factor: Zinc deficiency
Disease: All causes -
4.A23
Risk factor: High blood pressure
Disease: Hypertensive heart disease -
4.A24
Risk factor: High blood pressure
Disease: Ischemic heart disease -
4.A25
Risk factor: High blood pressure
Disease: Cerebrovascular disease -
4.A26
Risk factor: High blood pressure
Disease: Selected other cardiovascular diseases -
4.A27
Risk factor: High blood pressure
Disease: All causes -
4.A28
Risk factor: High cholesterol
Disease: Ischemic heart disease -
4.A29
Risk factor: High cholesterol
Disease: Cerebrovascular disease -
4.A30
Risk factor: High cholesterol
Disease: All causes -
4.A31
Risk factor: Overweight and obesity
Disease: Colon and rectal cancers -
4.A32
Risk factor: Overweight and obesity
Disease: Breast cancer -
4.A33
Risk factor: Overweight and obesity
Disease: Corpus uteri cancer -
4.A34
Risk factor: Overweight and obesity
Disease: Diabetes mellitus -
4.A35
Risk factor: Overweight and obesity
Disease: Hypertensive heart disease -
4.A36
Risk factor: Overweight and obesity
Disease: Ischemic heart disease -
4.A37
Risk factor: Overweight and obesity
Disease: Cerebrovascular disease -
4.A38
Risk factor: Overweight and obesity
Disease: Osteoarthritis -
4.A39
Risk factor: Overweight and obesity
Disease: All causes -
4.A40
Risk factor: Low fruit and vegetable intake
Disease: Esophageal cancer -
4.A41
Risk factor: Low fruit and vegetable intake
Disease: Stomach cancer -
4.A42
Risk factor: Low fruit and vegetable intake
Disease: Colon and rectal cancers -
4.A43
Risk factor: Low fruit and vegetable intake
Disease: Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers -
4.A44
Risk factor: Low fruit and vegetable intake
Disease: Ischemic heart disease -
4.A45
Risk factor: Low fruit and vegetable intake
Disease: Cerebrovascular disease -
4.A46
Risk factor: Low fruit and vegetable intake
Disease: All causes -
4.A47
Risk factor: Physical inactivity
Disease: Colon and rectal cancers -
4.A48
Risk factor: Physical inactivity
Disease: Breast cancer -
4.A49
Risk factor: Physical inactivity
Disease: Diabetes mellitus -
4.A50
Risk factor: Physical inactivity
Disease: Ischemic heart disease -
4.A51
Risk factor Physical inactivity
Disease: Cerebrovascular disease -
4.A52
Risk factor: Physical inactivity
Disease: All causes -
4.A53
Risk factor: Unsafe sex
Disease: Sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV/AIDS -
4.A54
Risk factor: Unsafe sex
Disease: HIV/AIDS -
4.A55
Risk factor: Unsafe sex
Disease: Cervix uteri cancer -
4.A56
Risk factor: Unsafe sex
Disease: All causes -
4.A57
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Low birthweight -
4.A58
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Mouth and oropharynx cancers -
4.A59
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Esophageal cancer -
4.A60
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Liver cancer -
4.A61
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Breast cancer -
4.A62
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Selected other neoplasms -
4.A63
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Diabetes mellitus -
4.A64
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Unipolar depressive disorders -
4.A65
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Epilepsy -
4.A66
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Alcohol use disorders -
4.A67
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Hypertensive heart disease -
4.A68
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Ischemic heart disease -
4.A69
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Cerebrovascular disease -
4.A70
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Cirrhosis of the liver -
4.A71
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Road traffic accidents -
4.A72
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Poisonings -
4.A73
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Falls -
4.A74
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Drownings -
4.A75
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Other unintentional injuries -
4.A76
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Self-inflicted injuries -
4.A77
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Violence -
4.A78
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: Other intentional injuries -
4.A79
Risk factor: Alcohol use
Disease: All causes -
4.A80
Risk factor: Illicit drug use
Disease: HIV/AIDS -
4.A81
Risk factor: Illicit drug use
Disease: Drug use disorders -
4.A82
Risk factor: Illicit drug use
Disease: Unintentional injuries -
4.A83
Risk factor: Illicit drug use
Disease: Self-inflicted injuries -
4.A84
Risk factor: Illicit drug use
Disease: All causes -
4.A85
Risk factor: Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene
Disease: Diarrheal diseases -
4.A86
Risk factor: Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene
Disease: All causes -
4.A87
Risk factor: Child sexual abuse
Disease: Unipolar depressive disorders -
4.A88
Risk factor: Child sexual abuse
Disease: Alcohol use disorders -
4.A89
Risk factor Child sexual abuse
Disease: Drug use disorders -
4.A90
Risk factor: Child sexual abuse
Disease: Post-traumatic stress disorder -
4.A91
Risk factor: Child sexual abuse
Disease: Panic disorder -
4.A92
Risk factor: Child sexual abuse
Disease: Self-inflicted injuries -
4.A93
Risk factor: Child sexual abuse
Disease: All causes -
4.A94
Risk factor: Indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels
Disease: Lower respiratory infections -
4.A95
Risk factor: Indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels
Disease: Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers -
4.A96
Risk factor: Indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels
Disease: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -
4.A97
Risk factor: Indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels
Disease: All causes -
4.A98
Risk factor: Contaminated injections in health care setting
Disease: HIV/AIDS -
4.A99
Risk factor: Contaminated injections in health care setting
Disease: Hepatitis B -
4.A100
Risk factor: Contaminated injections in health care setting
Disease: Hepatitis C -
4.A101
Risk factor: Contaminated injections in health care setting
Disease: Liver cancer -
4.A102
Risk factor: Contaminated injections in health care setting
Disease: Cirrhosis of the liver -
4.A103
Risk factor: Contaminated injections in health care setting
Disease: All causes -
4.A104
Risk factor: Urban air pollution
Disease: Respiratory infections -
4.A105
Risk factor: Urban air pollution
Disease: Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers -
4.A106
Risk factor: Urban air pollution
Disease: Selected cardiopulmonary causes -
4.A107
Risk factor: Urban air pollution
Disease: All causes -
4.A108
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -
4.A109
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers -
4.A110
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Liver cancer -
4.A111
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Cervix uteri cancer -
4.A112
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Bladder cancer -
4.A113
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Pancreas cancer -
4.A114
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Stomach cancer -
4.A115
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Upper aerodigestive cancer -
4.A116
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Leukemia -
4.A117
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Ischemic heart disease -
4.A118
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Selected other cardiovascular diseases -
4.A119
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Cerebrovascular disease -
4.A120
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Selected respiratory diseases -
4.A121
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: Selected medical conditions -
4.A122
Risk factor: Smoking
Disease: All causes -
4.A123
Risk factor: Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception
Disease: Abortion -
4.A124
Risk factor: Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception
Disease: Maternal causes other than abortion -
4.A125
Risk factor: Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception
Disease: All causes
